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Can You Take Hormone Therapy With Ozempic, Zepbound, or Other Weight Loss Medications?

On November 13, 2026October 30, 2026 By Dr. Scott RennieIn Menopause & Women's HealthLeave a comment

Yes, in most cases you can. Hormone therapy and weight loss medications are not forbidden together, and neither the Zepbound nor the Wegovy label lists hormone therapy as a contraindication (1,2). What changes the answer is the form of estrogen you take, your clot and gallbladder history, and what you expect the hormones to do, because they are prescribed for hot flashes, vaginal symptoms and bone loss, not for weight.

That last point trips people up, so it gets its own section first.

Does hormone therapy make weight loss drugs work better?

Maybe. The evidence is thin, and it is observational.

The first signal came from a 2024 retrospective cohort in Menopause: 16 postmenopausal women on hormone therapy and 90 not on it, all taking semaglutide. At 12 months the hormone therapy group had lost 16 percent of body weight versus 12 percent, and the gap survived adjustment for confounders (3). A Mayo Clinic cohort followed with tirzepatide. After matching, 40 women using hormone therapy were compared with 80 who were not, and at a median of 18 months the hormone therapy group had lost 17 percent versus 14 percent. Forty-five percent of them reached a loss of 20 percent or more, against 18 percent of the others (4,5).

A larger analysis presented at the 2026 Menopause Society meeting in October, led by Regina Castaneda at Mayo Clinic Florida, covered nearly 2,400 women on semaglutide and nearly 1,500 on tirzepatide. Hormone therapy was linked to greater, sustained loss with semaglutide. With tirzepatide, users lost more early, but the final difference was not statistically significant (6).

Here is where I part ways with the headlines. Women who choose hormone therapy differ from women who do not. They may sleep better once the night sweats stop, which makes diet and exercise easier, and the Mayo authors say plainly that they cannot say hormone therapy caused the extra loss (4). A Spanish Menopause Society position statement calls the association hypothesis-generating and says weight loss alone is no reason to start hormone therapy (7). A 2026 clinical review lands in the same place (5). I agree.

A randomized answer is on the way. A registered trial of 96 early postmenopausal women compares Wegovy alone, a transdermal estradiol patch with micronized progesterone alone, and the two together (8). Until it reports, treat the synergy as an interesting idea rather than a plan. Tirzepatide already works at every reproductive stage, with about 23 percent loss in the peri- and postmenopausal groups of SURMOUNT-1 against 3 percent on placebo (9).

Will a weight loss medication stop my estrogen or progesterone from absorbing?

It might for a few weeks, and the answer depends on the drug and on whether the hormone is swallowed.

GLP-1 and dual agonist drugs slow gastric emptying. With tirzepatide the delay is largest after the first dose and fades with continued use (1). That matters for anything taken by mouth. The Zepbound label tells women on oral hormonal contraceptives to switch to a non-oral method or add a barrier method for 4 weeks after starting and for 4 weeks after each dose increase, and says non-oral hormonal contraceptives should not be affected (1). The data come from one 5 mg tirzepatide dose given with a combined pill of ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate. Peak levels fell 55 to 66 percent, but total exposure fell only 20 to 23 percent, and peak time slipped 2.5 to 4.5 hours (1).

Does that apply to menopausal doses? Nobody has tested it. Lilly states there is no information on tirzepatide in people taking oral hormone replacement therapy (10). A 2026 Maturitas review looked at tirzepatide and oral progestogens specifically and called an interaction biologically plausible but unproven, noting that no pharmacokinetic data exist for the progestogens used in menopause care and that any risk would cluster around initiation and dose escalation (11). There is one published case report, a 51-year-old woman on oral estrogen whose hot flashes and mood worsened during semaglutide titration and settled when the titration was slowed (12). One case proves nothing, but it fits the mechanism.

The other drugs differ. Wegovy’s label reports no clinically significant change in ethinyl estradiol or levonorgestrel levels with semaglutide tablets at steady state, and says semaglutide injection at 1 mg weekly did not affect absorption of oral medications in its clinical pharmacology trials (2). The same label tells patients to wait at least 30 minutes after the tablet before taking any other oral medication, which in practice means the morning estradiol pill waits (2). Foundayo, the orforglipron tablet I prescribe, can be taken with or without food, yet its label also warns about delayed gastric emptying and gives the same 30-day backup advice for oral contraceptives. Lilly calls that precautionary: modeling predicted a minor drop in peak level and no change in total exposure, and no trial has measured it (13,14).

My practical read is an extrapolation, so weigh it that way. If a woman needs systemic estrogen while starting a GLP-1 or tirzepatide, a patch, gel or spray skips the stomach entirely and the question goes away. If she prefers oral estradiol, starting it is reasonable, but watch for hot flashes or breakthrough bleeding creeping back during titration, and slow the escalation before raising the estrogen, which is what resolved the one reported case. Progesterone deserves a quiet eye too. A woman with a uterus whose bleeding pattern changes at dose steps on oral progesterone should be asked about it, because protecting the lining is the progestogen’s whole job.

I start most women on transdermal estradiol, usually a 0.025 mg patch changed twice a week, and go higher if the symptoms are more disruptive. A patch bypasses the gut and carries less clotting risk than oral estrogen. If she still has a uterus, she needs endometrial protection. For most women I start with separate products, usually a low-dose estradiol patch plus micronized progesterone, because I can adjust each hormone independently. The weight loss drug can change that. I draw a distinction between semaglutide and Foundayo or tirzepatide, where the concern about oral progesterone absorption is greater because of slowed gastric emptying. With Foundayo or tirzepatide, I discuss a levonorgestrel IUD or a combined estrogen-progestin patch to avoid uncertain oral progesterone absorption. The combined patch can be prescribed by telemedicine, which is why it is the one I normally use in that situation, but its lowest strength delivers 0.05 mg of estradiol per day, twice my usual starting dose. That trade-off needs to be discussed rather than treated as an automatic choice.

At the 8 to 12 week follow-up, I adjust for symptoms, bleeding, or side effects. If she feels well, I don’t change anything. If hot flashes or night sweats persist, we may raise the estradiol one step. I don’t adjust the dose for weight loss, and I don’t check routine hormone levels.

Why the route of estrogen matters more than the brand of weight loss drug

Setting absorption aside, route changes two other risks that run high in women with obesity.

Clots first. In a UK nested case-control study of more than 80,000 women with venous thromboembolism, oral hormone therapy raised the odds by 58 percent (adjusted OR 1.58), while transdermal preparations did not (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.01). Estradiol carried less risk than conjugated equine estrogen, and medroxyprogesterone combinations were worst (OR 2.10) (15). Women with obesity carry a higher baseline clot risk on their own (5), which is why a joint FIGO and World Heart Federation paper calls transdermal estrogen with micronized progesterone or dydrogesterone the safest regimen for women at high thromboembolic risk (16). That is not a reason to refuse hormones to a woman with a BMI of 38. It is a reason to reach for the patch first.

Gallbladder second, and this one is a true stacking problem. The labels for tirzepatide and semaglutide both warn about acute gallbladder disease. In the Zepbound weight trials cholecystitis occurred in 0.7 percent versus 0.2 percent on placebo, and in Wegovy injection trials cholelithiasis ran 1.6 percent versus 0.7 percent, with the excess persisting even after accounting for how much weight was lost (1,2). Foundayo’s cholelithiasis rate was 1.0 versus 0.7 percent (13). Oral estrogen piles on. An estradiol tablet label cites a 2 to 4 fold increase in gallbladder disease requiring surgery (17), and in the Million Women Study current oral users had a relative risk of 1.74 for gallbladder admission against 1.17 for transdermal users (18). Rapid weight loss itself promotes stones (2). Three pushes in one direction is a good argument for the transdermal route in any woman with gallstone history.

Do the side effects overlap?

Mostly in the stomach. In Foundayo’s pooled obesity trials, nausea ran 26 to 35 percent by dose against 10 percent on placebo, vomiting 13 to 24 percent against 4, constipation 20 to 27 against 9, and diarrhea 21 to 25 against 11, mostly during dose escalation and easing afterward (13). Oral estradiol lists nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and bloating among its reported effects (17). Start both in the same week and feel awful, and nobody can say which pill is responsible. Staggering the starts, or choosing a patch, keeps the picture readable.

Thyroid medication is the interaction people forget. Estrogen raises thyroid-binding globulin, so a woman on levothyroxine may need more of it (17). Oral semaglutide raised levothyroxine exposure by 33 percent in the Wegovy label (2), and a 2026 case report describes thyrotoxic over-replacement after 48 pounds of weight loss on tirzepatide (19). Opposing forces act on the same woman, so a TSH recheck a few months in is cheap insurance.

What happens to muscle and bone?

This is the part of the combination with a plausible upside, and the least data.

Weight loss on these drugs costs lean mass along with fat. In the SURMOUNT-1 DXA substudy about 75 percent of the weight lost was fat and 25 percent lean, the same split as placebo (20). A 2026 meta-analysis found a consistent drop in lean mass with GLP-1 drugs that mostly tracked the weight loss, with no significant effect on bone outcomes and low certainty about whether the lean mass change harms function (21).

Bone is the open question for postmenopausal women. In the Look AHEAD substudy of postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, a 14 percent fall in estradiol during intensive lifestyle weight loss mediated a decline in whole-body bone density (22). Hormone therapy has proven bone effects, and the 2022 Menopause Society statement says it prevents bone loss and fracture (23). Whether it protects bone specifically during GLP-1 weight loss has not been tested. That protection is a reasonable inference, not a finding. For muscle, a 2019 meta-analysis of 12 trials found only a nonsignificant trend toward preserved lean mass with hormone therapy (5).

So I would not start hormones to protect muscle. I would protect muscle on purpose: protein at 80 to 120 grams a day, resistance training, and a bone density scan through her primary care provider when she qualifies. I do not routinely recommend multivitamins, so the effort goes into the food and the weights. If a woman already qualifies for hormone therapy, any skeletal benefit during weight loss is a bonus.

I can’t order a DXA scan myself, so that falls to the patient’s primary care provider. I recommend one if she is old enough to qualify, has a family history, or has another clinical reason, and I suggest she ask her primary care physician for it.

Naltrexone-bupropion and menopause

I use naltrexone only as naltrexone-bupropion (Contrave) for weight, and bupropion is where the menopause questions live.

Start with symptoms. In the Contrave label’s pooled trials, hot flush occurred in 4.2 percent versus 1.2 percent on placebo, hyperhidrosis in 2.6 versus 0.6 percent, and insomnia in 9.2 versus 5.9 percent (24). Those are three things a woman with perimenopausal night sweats already has too much of. The absolute numbers are small, but in fragile sleep they count. Nausea (32.5 versus 6.7 percent) and constipation (19.2 versus 7.2 percent) overlap with GLP-1 and oral estrogen effects (24).

Then safety. Contrave is contraindicated with a seizure disorder, bulimia or anorexia nervosa, chronic opioid use, uncontrolled hypertension, and abrupt discontinuation of alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates or antiepileptic drugs (24). That alcohol line matters in midlife, because a woman who uses wine to fall asleep and then quits cold to start a weight loss program is exactly who the label warns about. The label also notes increases in blood pressure and heart rate, so a home cuff reading before and after starting is reasonable (24). The Contrave label does not mention estrogen, but it asks for caution with drugs metabolized by CYP2D6, which is worth a medication-list check (24).

Bupropion and naltrexone can make it harder to sleep. For a woman who is already sleeping poorly in the middle of perimenopausal changes, I might lean toward a GLP-1 instead.

Where metformin fits

Metformin is the quiet one.

It has no FDA weight loss indication, and the effect is modest. A 2024 meta-analysis of 49 randomized trials in adults with overweight or obesity and no diabetes found a BMI reduction of about 0.56 kg/m2 against placebo, no significant difference from lifestyle modification alone, and low-quality trials overall (25). I prescribe it for weight when a GLP-1 is unwanted or unaffordable and naltrexone-bupropion is unwanted or contraindicated, always alongside diet and exercise.

Interactions are mild. The metformin label lists estrogens among drugs that tend to raise blood glucose, and long-term use can lower vitamin B12 (26). A 2025 review calls for randomized trials of metformin in perimenopausal women, since few exist (27).

Who should not combine them, or should wait?

A few situations call for pausing rather than prescribing at visit one. Unexplained vaginal bleeding comes first. The estradiol label lists undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding as a contraindication, along with breast cancer history, estrogen-dependent neoplasia, active or past deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, recent stroke or heart attack, and liver disease (17). A personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN 2 rules out Zepbound and Wegovy (1,2). A history of gallstones or pancreatitis calls for extra caution on the weight loss side, since the labels warn about both (1,2,13).

What about the boxed warning? In November 2025 the FDA announced it was removing the boxed warnings for cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and probable dementia from menopausal hormone therapy labels, while keeping the endometrial cancer warning on estrogen-alone products (28). The first six products were approved in February 2026 (29). Updates are rolling out batch by batch, and a generic estradiol tablet label posted this month still carries the older boxed language (17). The change shifts the tone of the conversation. It does not change the clot and gallbladder arithmetic above. The Menopause Society’s 2022 statement still describes a favorable benefit-risk balance for women under 60 or within 10 years of menopause onset, and a less favorable one beyond that (23).

For patients

Tell whoever prescribes your weight loss medication that you take hormones, and tell whoever prescribes your hormones what weight loss drug you are on. Those two conversations often happen on different platforms.

If you take estrogen by mouth and start a weekly injection or a pill like Foundayo, watch for hot flashes, mood swings or spotting returning in the first weeks and after each dose increase. Report it rather than assuming the hormones stopped working, and ask whether a patch, gel or spray makes sense. Know the warning signs of gallbladder trouble and clots: pain under the right ribs after eating, a swollen painful calf, sudden shortness of breath.

And do not ask for hormones to lose weight. Ask for them because your sleep, your sweats or your bones need them.

For clinicians

Three points to carry. First, the combination data are retrospective and confounded, so treat established indications as the reason to prescribe MHT and do not use it as an obesity drug (5,7). Second, default to transdermal estradiol when a woman has obesity, gallstone history or other thrombotic risk (15,16,18), and treat oral estrogen during GLP-1 titration as a time to watch for symptom recurrence, recognizing that the concern is extrapolated from contraceptive pharmacokinetics (1,11). Third, recheck TSH in anyone on levothyroxine, and ask about alcohol before prescribing bupropion (17,24).

One question colleagues ask: do the menopause and the weight get handled in the same visit? It depends on whether the patient wants to address the menopause symptoms or the weight first. The two are usually handled at separate visits. Sometimes I see the same patient for both, and sometimes a different clinician handles one of them, depending on scheduling and the patient’s preference.

The Bottom Line

Hormone therapy and weight loss medications can be taken together. The combination is plausible and not prohibited by the Zepbound or Wegovy labels, but the idea that hormones boost GLP-1 weight loss rests on small retrospective studies, and the randomized trial is still pending (3,4,7,8).

The real differences are practical. A patch or gel avoids the stomach-emptying problem behind the contraceptive advice on the Zepbound and Foundayo labels, and carries lower clot and gallbladder risk than oral estrogen, which matters because the weight loss drugs raise gallbladder risk too (1,13,15,18). Naltrexone-bupropion adds hot flashes, sweating and insomnia and is a poor fit for some midlife sleepers. Metformin changes little in either direction. Protect muscle with protein and lifting, and use hormones for menopause symptoms, not as a weight loss supplement.

Sources

ZEPBOUND (tirzepatide) prescribing information. DailyMed, Eli Lilly and Company. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=487cd7e7-434c-4925-99fa-aa80b1cc776b
WEGOVY (semaglutide) injection and tablets prescribing information. DailyMed, Novo Nordisk. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=ee06186f-2aa3-4990-a760-757579d8f77b
Weight loss response to semaglutide in postmenopausal women with and without hormone therapy use. Menopause. 2024;31(4). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38446869/
Mayo Clinic. New study links combination of hormone therapy and tirzepatide to greater weight loss after menopause (Lancet Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Women’s Health, 2026). News release, January 22, 2026. https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1113701
Clinical review: Menopause hormone therapy in weight management. Obesity Pillars. 2026 Jun. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13010941/
The Menopause Society. Hormone therapy may increase weight loss effectiveness of GLP-1s. Press release for the 2026 Annual Meeting. https://menopause.org/press-releases/hormone-therapy-may-increase-weight-loss-effectiveness-of-glp-1s
Incretin-based therapies in peri- and postmenopausal women with obesity: an expert position statement from the Spanish Menopause Society. Maturitas. 2026 Oct. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42664617/
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06715514. Effects of combined menopausal hormone therapy and GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy on glucose and energy homeostasis in early postmenopausal women with or at risk of diabetes. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06715514
Body weight reduction in women treated with tirzepatide by reproductive stage: a post hoc analysis from the SURMOUNT program. Obesity. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40074721/
Eli Lilly Medical. Can Zepbound (tirzepatide) be used with oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy? https://medical.lilly.com/us/products/answers/can-zepbound-tirzepatide-be-used-with-oral-contraceptives-or-hormone-replacement-therapy-211019
Tirzepatide and oral progestogens: a hypothesis-generating review of a biologically plausible pharmacokinetic interaction in gynaecologic disease control and menopausal hormone therapy. Maturitas. 2026 Sep. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42721915/
Worsening vasomotor symptoms in the setting of estradiol and semaglutide: a case report. Menopause. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40729307/
FOUNDAYO (orforglipron) tablets prescribing information. Eli Lilly and Company. https://uspl.lilly.com/foundayo/foundayo.html
Eli Lilly Medical. Can Foundayo (orforglipron) be used with contraceptives? https://medical.lilly.com/us/products/answers/can-foundayo-orforglipron-be-used-with-contraceptives-314529
Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Hippisley-Cox J. Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases. BMJ. 2019;364:k4810. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30626577/
Menopause hormone therapy in women with cardiovascular risk factors or established ischemic heart disease: a joint FIGO and WHF position paper. Global Heart. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42799440/
Estradiol tablets, USP prescribing information. DailyMed (label posted October 2, 2026). https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=9333d92f-2585-4b99-aaea-87c01c95125e
Gallbladder disease and use of transdermal versus oral hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: prospective cohort study (Million Women Study). BMJ. 2008;337:a386. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18617493/
Thyroid dysfunction following tirzepatide use in a post-thyroidectomy patient on stable levothyroxine therapy: a case study. Cureus. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42109981/
Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT-1 study of adults with obesity or overweight. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39996356/
GLP-1 receptor agonists and musculoskeletal outcomes: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Drugs. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42730869/
Sex hormones mediate intensive lifestyle intervention-induced bone mineral density changes: Look AHEAD Sex Hormone Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40576264/
The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2022;29(7). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35797481/
CONTRAVE (naltrexone HCl and bupropion HCl) extended-release tablets prescribing information. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=485ff360-32c8-11df-928b-0002a5d5c51b
The impact of metformin on weight and metabolic parameters in patients with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38468148/
Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets prescribing information. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=356b02d0-d239-4441-bb33-c4c54166fcd7
Metformin use in prediabetes: a review of evidence and a focus on metabolic features among peri-menopausal women. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40329646/
FDA. HHS advances women’s health, removes misleading FDA warnings on hormone replacement therapy. November 10, 2025. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/hhs-advances-womens-health-removes-misleading-fda-warnings-hormone-replacement-therapy
FDA. FDA approves labeling changes for menopausal hormone therapy products. February 12, 2026. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-labeling-changes-menopausal-hormone-therapy-products

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New Guidelines Say Estrogen Is First-Line for Hot Flashes: What Changed?

On October 23, 2026October 8, 2026 By Dr. Scott RennieIn Menopause & Women's HealthLeave a comment

Yes. On October 5, 2026, the American College of Physicians published a guideline telling clinicians to start with estrogen for menopausal hot flashes and night sweats, adding a progestogen if you still have a uterus (1)(2). Antidepressants, gabapentin and the newer non-hormonal drugs move to the back-up positions for women who cannot take estrogen or do not tolerate it.

That is a clear change in tone from what many women have heard in clinic. Here is exactly what the guideline says, what it leaves open, who should still stay away from estrogen, and what to bring up at your next visit.

What the ACP actually recommended

The document is titled “Pharmacologic Treatments for Females With Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms,” and it appeared in Annals of Internal Medicine. It is written for internal medicine physicians and other clinicians who see women in outpatient settings (1). The College built it on systematic reviews of benefit, harm, patient values and cost, graded with the GRADE method.

The structure is a three-step ladder. The wording below comes from the published abstract, since the full text was not accessible for this review (1).

First line, a strong recommendation: start estrogen plus a progestogen if the woman has a uterus, or estrogen alone if she does not. Both carry high-certainty evidence. Second line, a conditional recommendation: an SNRI, either desvenlafaxine or venlafaxine, for women with contraindications to estrogen or who do not tolerate it. Moderate-certainty evidence. Third line, also conditional, for women who cannot use or tolerate the first two: an SSRI (escitalopram or paroxetine) or gabapentin, both on low-certainty evidence, or a neurokinin receptor antagonist (elinzanetant or fezolinetant) on moderate-certainty evidence (1).

One more line from the guideline matters as much as the ladder. Clinicians are told to use informed decision-making and talk through benefits, harms, contraindications, other medical conditions, the patient’s values and preferences, cost, and whether the treatment is actually available (1)(2). The ladder is a default, not a mandate.

What the guideline did not settle

Three things do not appear in the abstract or the press release. It does not rank oral estrogen against a patch. It does not set a dose or a stopping date. And it does not say why the neurokinin drugs sit on the third rung even though their evidence is graded moderate, the same as the SNRIs (1)(2). Coverage of the full paper reports that the authors describe avoiding a start after age 60 or more than 10 years past the final period, and stopping at 3 to 5 years, as common practice rather than a formal recommendation, and that an accompanying editorial argues age over 60 should not be an absolute contraindication (3).

Why this is a bigger deal than it sounds

Menopause societies have said for years that hormone therapy is the most effective treatment for hot flashes. The Menopause Society’s 2022 position statement says exactly that, and it called the benefit-risk balance favorable for women under 60 or within 10 years of menopause onset who have no contraindications (4). So the science is not new.

What is new is who is saying it. This guideline comes from a major internal medicine society, and its stated audience is internal medicine physicians and other outpatient clinicians (1), the people who also handle blood pressure, diabetes and refills. That is my interpretation, but I think it matters: a woman who has been told “let’s try an antidepressant first” by a well-meaning primary care office now has a guideline to point to.

Context helps. The US Preventive Services Task Force gave a grade D in 2022 to hormone therapy for preventing chronic disease in postmenopausal women, and people sometimes cite that as if it covered hot flashes. It does not. The statement explicitly excludes treatment of menopausal symptoms from its scope (5). The ACP guideline is about symptoms, and that is the gap.

The regulatory ground moved too. An FDA expert panel met on July 17, 2025, and most members called the boxed warnings on estrogen outdated, though the panel took no formal vote (6). On November 10, 2025, the FDA announced it was starting to strip the boxed-warning language on cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and probable dementia from menopausal hormone products. The endometrial cancer warning stays on systemic estrogen-alone products (7). By February 12, 2026, the agency had approved revised labels for the first six products, out of 29 whose manufacturers had submitted changes (8).

The same November announcement included approval of a non-hormonal hot flash drug (7). That was elinzanetant (Lynkuet), approved October 24, 2025, for moderate to severe hot flashes in postmenopausal women (9). It blocks both NK1 and NK3 receptors (9). The ACP puts it and fezolinetant in the same third-line group (1).

Who should still not take estrogen

Estrogen is first-line, not universal. The standard US prescribing information for an estradiol patch lists these as contraindications: unexplained vaginal bleeding, current or past breast cancer, estrogen-dependent tumors, active or past DVT or pulmonary embolism, active or past arterial thromboembolic disease such as stroke or heart attack, liver impairment or disease, known clotting disorders such as protein C, protein S or antithrombin deficiency, and prior serious allergic reaction to the product (10).

That list is why the second and third rungs exist. For a woman with a prior clot or a history of breast cancer, the SNRI and neurokinin options are the real plan, not a consolation prize. In my view the gray zone (a strong family history, high blood pressure, a smoking history, a borderline cardiovascular risk estimate) is where the informed decision-making language earns its keep.

Patch or pill?

The ACP did not choose. The Menopause Society’s summary of its 2022 statement says transdermal routes and lower doses may reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism and stroke (11). Note the word “may.” I would not promise anyone a patch is risk-free. But when a woman has migraine with aura, I lean toward a low-dose transdermal estradiol. Migraine with aura rules out combined hormonal contraception, which uses much higher estrogen doses, and it does not automatically rule out menopausal hormone therapy.

Practical wrinkle: the patch has been hard to find in 2026. If you are told to start one, ask your pharmacy about supply before the visit ends.

Is there still a window, and what about age 60?

The FDA’s own framing is to start systemic therapy within 10 years of menopause onset or before age 60, with the start and the duration decided together by prescriber and patient (7). The Menopause Society says the benefit-risk balance looks less favorable beyond that window because the absolute risks of heart disease, stroke, clots and dementia are higher (4). It also says treatment need not be routinely stopped at 60 or 65 when symptoms persist, though randomized data on long use are thin (11).

My interpretation: the window is a risk gradient, not a cliff. A woman at 58 and one at 64 are not in different universes, but the 64-year-old who has never taken estrogen deserves a more careful cardiovascular conversation, and the SNRI rung may be the better first step.

I usually start with a non-hormonal option, because beginning systemic estrogen after age 60 or more than 10 years past menopause carries more cardiovascular, clotting, and stroke risk, even though age alone is not an absolute contraindication. If all of her risk factors are low, she may be offered low-dose transdermal estradiol. I refer if there is prior cardiovascular disease, a history of thrombosis, cancer, unexplained bleeding, or anything else that makes the decision less clear.

For patients and for clinicians

For patients. If your hot flashes are disrupting sleep or work, you are allowed to ask about estrogen directly. Know whether you have a uterus, because that decides whether you need a progestogen. Know your clot, stroke, breast cancer and liver history, and your family history of the same. Expect to be asked about unexplained bleeding and blood pressure. If estrogen is off the table, ask which of the second and third rung drugs fits you, and whether insurance covers it.

For clinicians. Ask about vasomotor symptoms, because some women will not raise them (3). Screen the contraindication list above before prescribing, and document the discussion the guideline asks for. A progestogen is required with systemic estrogen in a woman with a uterus. And if a patient reports bleeding after menopause or an unexplained change in pattern, evaluate it before starting anything. The label itself warns about diagnostic work-up for persistent abnormal bleeding (10).

How this plays out in a video visit

Menopause visits with me are by video and run about 45 minutes. When the history is straightforward, I prescribe at the first visit and follow up at 8 to 12 weeks. At that second visit we judge relief, bleeding and side effects and adjust the dose or the formulation.

I usually start with a generic transdermal estradiol patch at 0.025 mg per day, changed twice a week. If the hot flashes are frequent or wreck her sleep, I may start at 0.0375 mg per day. With an intact uterus, I add oral micronized progesterone: 100 mg at bedtime every night for a woman whose periods have stopped, or 200 mg at bedtime for 12 to 14 days each month for a woman who is still having periods. After a hysterectomy, progesterone is usually unnecessary.

I use a non-hormonal medication when estrogen is contraindicated, when the patient strongly prefers to avoid hormones, or when she is starting treatment after 60 or more than 10 years past menopause, especially with meaningful cardiovascular risk. An SNRI is especially useful when hot flashes travel with anxiety or depression, and I usually start venlafaxine XR at 37.5 mg daily. For isolated hot flashes, Veozah 45 mg daily or Lynkuet 120 mg at bedtime may be a better fit, though both require liver blood tests and a careful drug interaction review. Cost matters too. Generic venlafaxine is fairly inexpensive and usually covered, while Veozah and Lynkuet commonly require prior authorization.

You also need a blood pressure reading before we start. A home cuff is fine.

Questions to bring to your visit

Do I have a reason I cannot take estrogen? Do I need a progestogen? Is a patch or a pill better for my history, and can I actually get the patch this month? What bleeding is normal, and what means I should call? When do we check in, and what would make us change course? And if estrogen is not right for me, which of the other options would you pick first, and why?

The Bottom Line

The ACP now says estrogen, with a progestogen if you have a uterus, is the first treatment to consider for menopausal hot flashes, and it rates that evidence high-certainty (1)(2). SNRIs come second. SSRIs, gabapentin, elinzanetant and fezolinetant come third. Those back-up options are real, and they matter for women who cannot take estrogen.

The guideline is a default that still asks for a conversation about your history, your preferences and your access. If hot flashes are costing you sleep, bring this to your next visit.

Sources

Qaseem A, et al. Pharmacologic Treatments for Females With Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms: A Clinical Guideline From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. October 6, 2026 (abstract). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42832802/
American College of Physicians. ACP recommends hormonal therapy as a first-line treatment for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. October 5, 2026. https://www.acponline.org/acp-newsroom/acp-recommends-hormonal-therapy-as-a-first-line-treatment-for-menopausal-vasomotor-symptoms
Healio. ACP: Use hormone therapy as first-line treatment for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. October 5, 2026. https://www.healio.com/news/womens-health-ob-gyn/20261005/acp-use-hormone-therapy-as-firstline-treatment-for-menopausal-vasomotor-symptoms
The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2022;29(7):767-794. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35797481/
US Preventive Services Task Force. Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Preventive Medication. November 1, 2022. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/menopausal-hormone-therapy-preventive-medication
Patient Care. FDA advisory panel urges revised black box warnings on hormone replacement therapy. July 2025. https://www.patientcareonline.com/view/fda-advisory-panel-urges-revised-black-box-warnings-on-hormone-replacement-therapy
US FDA. HHS Advances Women’s Health, Removes Misleading FDA Warnings on Hormone Replacement Therapy. November 10, 2025. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/hhs-advances-womens-health-removes-misleading-fda-warnings-hormone-replacement-therapy
US FDA. FDA Approves Labeling Changes to Menopausal Hormone Therapy Products. February 12, 2026. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-labeling-changes-menopausal-hormone-therapy-products
Contemporary OB/GYN. FDA approves elinzanetant (Lynkuet) for vasomotor menopausal symptoms. October 24, 2025. https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/fda-approves-elinzanetant-lynkuet-for-vasomotor-menopausal-symptoms
DailyMed. Estradiol Transdermal System (Sandoz), prescribing information. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=c714974b-766f-42f2-a846-b0c1f5a60560
Highlights From the 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The Menopause Society. https://letstalkmenopause.org/our-articles/nams-2022-hormone-therapy-position-statement

A woman seen from behind at a pharmacy counter talking with a pharmacist

Why Can’t You Get an Estrogen Patch? The 2026 Estradiol Shortage, Explained

On October 5, 2026October 5, 2026 By Dr. Scott RennieIn Menopause & Women's HealthLeave a comment

Several of my patients are having a hard time filling their estradiol patches right now. Not one pharmacy being out for a week. Calling four places, getting a different strength than was prescribed, driving across town, running out before the next box arrives.

So let us go through the explanations people are offering, in order, and then what the evidence actually supports.

Hypothesis one: everyone started using them at once

This one is true, and the numbers are not subtle.

Estradiol patch prescriptions went from about 594,000 in June 2024 to 1.6 million in May 2026 (1). Among women aged 45 to 54, prescribing rose 184 percent, and by February 2026 roughly one in twenty women in that age group had an estrogen prescription (2). Patches now account for a large share of all estrogen prescriptions, and they were never the volume product the supply chain was built around.

The accelerant was regulatory. On November 10, 2025, the FDA announced it was removing the boxed warnings about cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and dementia from menopausal hormone therapy, with Commissioner Marty Makary saying the agency intended to “stop the fear machine steering women away from this life-changing, even lifesaving, treatment” (3). Those warnings had suppressed use for two decades. Pull them off, and a very large number of women who had been told no for years hear a different answer in the same month.

I wrote about that decision when it happened and I thought it was defensible. I did not expect it to empty the shelves.

Hypothesis two: something broke in manufacturing

This one is mostly false, and it is worth saying so clearly because it is the version that frightens people.

There is no recall behind this. No contamination finding, no plant shutdown, no safety problem with the patches that are reaching pharmacies. The FDA’s position, repeated through the summer, is that all the manufacturers are producing at full capacity (4).

What is true is that patches are hard to make more of quickly. A transdermal patch is a drug-in-adhesive matrix that has to deliver a precise dose through skin for three or four days. The production lines are specialized, and companies describe expansion timelines in years rather than months. Add thin generic margins, and nobody is rushing to build a new line for a product that might be a fad.

So: not a manufacturing failure. A manufacturing capacity ceiling, which is a different thing and gets solved on a much slower clock.

Hypothesis three: RFK Jr. and the administration did this

This is the one I keep seeing in comment sections, and the honest answer is more interesting than either the accusation or the denial.

There was no sabotage. Nobody restricted estrogen. If anything, this administration’s FDA pushed hormone therapy harder than any in twenty years, and the demand surge is a direct downstream consequence of that push. You cannot simultaneously argue that they suppressed access and that they promoted the drug into a shortage.

Where policy does have fingerprints is slower and less dramatic. HHS cut roughly 3,500 FDA positions in 2025 as part of a larger restructuring (5). The agency said reviewers and inspectors were protected. Reporting since has described reviewers absorbing administrative work and longer, less predictable timelines. None of that caused the shortage. All of it makes a nimble response harder, and a nimble response is exactly what a demand shock requires.

And there is a specific, consequential decision sitting right in the middle of this.

The part that actually matters: the FDA has not declared a shortage

Pharmacists have been listing estradiol patches as short since January 30, 2026. ASHP’s bulletin has grown to roughly 17 affected packages across five manufacturers, including Dotti, Lyllana, and the Noven, Sandoz, Viatris and Zydus generics (6).

The FDA has acknowledged that women are having trouble and says it is working with manufacturers to expand supply (7). It has not added the patches to its official shortage list.

That gap is not bureaucratic trivia. A formal shortage designation changes what other parties are allowed and incentivized to do. It can ease the path for additional manufacturers, it supports compounding in some circumstances, and it affects how insurers handle a prescription that has to be split across strengths or pharmacies. An Arizona gynecologist, Dr. Suzanne Hackenmiller, started a petition asking for the declaration, and Democratic members of the House have written to the agency asking the same (8).

So the fair summary of the policy question is this. The administration did not cause a shortage by restricting anything. It drove demand deliberately and then declined to use the one administrative tool that would most directly help the women it told to ask for treatment.

Two more explanations worth naming

Fragmentation makes it worse. When a patient cannot get one 0.1 mg patch, the workaround is often two 0.05 mg patches, or a different brand at a different pharmacy. Every one of those workarounds consumes more units of a constrained product and can generate a second copay. Scarcity plus substitution produces more scarcity.

Stockpiling is rational and corrosive. A woman who has been told to ration her patches will fill three months when she can get three months. I do not blame anybody for that. It also means supply reaches fewer people in any given week.

What to do if you are caught in this

First, do not simply stop. Vasomotor symptoms come back fast once estrogen is withdrawn, and the people who suffer most in a shortage are the ones who quietly go without and assume there was no alternative.

There are several, and most of them keep you on transdermal delivery, which matters if the reason you were on a patch in the first place was migraine with aura, a clot history, or anything else that argued against oral estrogen.

Gels and sprays are the closest substitute: EstroGel, Divigel, Evamist. Same route, same avoidance of first-pass liver metabolism, different daily routine. Oral estradiol is reasonable for many women and is widely available and cheap, though it is not the right swap for everyone. A different patch brand or a weekly patch instead of a twice-weekly one is often available when your usual one is not. If your symptoms are limited to vaginal dryness and painful sex, local vaginal estrogen is a different supply chain entirely and is not caught up in this.

Practical things that work: ask the pharmacy to check the strengths they do have rather than just saying no, call independent pharmacies because they order through different channels than the big chains, ask for a 90-day fill when you find stock, and have your clinician send the prescription with the substitution permitted so the pharmacist can act without a second call.

For clinicians

Write the alternative into the prescription up front. A patch prescription with no permitted substitution turns every stockout into a phone call, and in a shortage that is where the days get lost.

Know which of your patients actually need transdermal delivery rather than merely prefer it, because that determines whether oral is an acceptable bridge or a bad idea.

And counsel on the rebound explicitly. A patient who runs out and waits two weeks does not experience that as a supply problem. She experiences it as hormone therapy failing, and some of them do not come back.

The Bottom Line

The estrogen patch shortage is a demand shock, not a manufacturing failure and not a conspiracy.

The FDA removed a twenty-year-old warning, prescriptions nearly tripled in two years, and a small, low-margin, slow-to-expand corner of the generic industry could not absorb it. The policy criticism that holds up is not that anyone blocked access. It is that the agency drove the demand and has still not declared the shortage that would help unlock supply.

If you are affected, you have options, and most of them keep you on the same route of delivery. Call before you run out rather than after.

Sources

Estrogen patch shortage prompts doctors, lawmakers to seek FDA action. CBS News, September 3, 2026. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/estrogen-patch-shortage-fda-declaration-hormone-replacement-therapy/
Menopause Estrogen Patches Are in Short Supply. What Are the Alternatives? Healthline, April 15, 2026. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/menopause-estrogen-patch-shortage-after-fda-endorsement
HHS. HHS Advances Women’s Health, Removes Misleading FDA Warnings on Hormone Replacement Therapy. November 10, 2025. https://www.hhs.gov/press-room/hhs-advances-womens-health-removes-misleading-fda-warnings-hormone-replacement-therapy.html
Estrogen patches are in short supply as women seek menopause support. CNBC, June 26, 2026. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/06/26/estrogen-patches-are-in-short-supply-as-women-seek-menopause-support.html
HHS to cut 10,000 staff in major restructuring. BioPharma Dive. https://www.biopharmadive.com/news/hhs-layoffs-restructuring-kennedy-fda-cms-trump/743694/
ASHP Drug Shortage Detail: Estradiol Transdermal System. https://www.ashp.org/drug-shortages/current-shortages/drug-shortage-detail.aspx?id=1206
FDA acknowledges estrogen patch shortage, says it’s working to increase supply. Stateline, September 16, 2026. https://stateline.org/2026/09/16/fda-acknowledges-estrogen-patch-shortage-says-its-working-to-increase-supply/
FDA claims there’s no estrogen patch shortage as women struggle to get prescriptions filled. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/womens-health/fda-estrogen-patch-shortage-hormone-therapy-alternatives-rcna344233
FDA removes menopause hormone therapy black box warnings. Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/fda-removes-menopause-hormone-therapy-black-box-warnings

Pale blossom on a branch, backlit in warm soft light

Perimenopause and Menopause Symptoms and How to Manage Them

On August 27, 2025September 29, 2026 By Dr. Scott RennieIn Menopause & Women's HealthLeave a comment

Menopause comes up on my schedule most weeks, and patients still arrive unsure what to expect from it. So it helps to start with definitions. Perimenopause is the transition before menopause. Hormone levels fluctuate, cycles become irregular, and the phase can run several years. Menopause itself is twelve straight months without a period. The average age in North America is around 51.

Symptoms vary more than most patients expect. During perimenopause, bleeding may be heavier some months and absent others. Hot flashes and night sweats are common. Some women notice mood changes or brain fog. Others raise vaginal dryness or discomfort with intercourse, usually only after I ask directly. Sleep problems come up constantly, and they are often just night sweats wearing a different hat. In full menopause those symptoms can continue, though bleeding stops for good. Skin and hair changes, weight shifts, and urinary urgency show up here too.

One patient in her late forties came to me worried she had a thyroid problem. She felt “off,” with fatigue, poor sleep, and irregular cycles. Her lab work came back normal, but her story fit perimenopause cleanly. That visit turned into the conversation she had actually needed, about what was happening in her body and what we could do about it.

Treatment follows the symptom pattern and the patient’s health profile. For hot flashes, hormone replacement therapy is the most effective option we have, though it is not right for everyone. Non-hormonal options including SSRIs and gabapentin also reduce vasomotor symptoms. Vaginal estrogen, as cream or tablets, works well for dryness and discomfort. Lifestyle changes carry real weight: a cool bedroom, less alcohol, regular exercise, stress management. Cutting caffeine after mid-afternoon sometimes does more than patients expect.

Preventive care deserves attention in this phase. Bone health matters more once estrogen declines, so I bring up calcium, vitamin D, and weight-bearing exercise. DEXA scans depend on age and risk factors. Cardiovascular risk climbs after menopause, which makes cholesterol, blood pressure, and diabetes screening worth staying current on. Breast and cervical cancer screening continue as appropriate. Colon cancer screening tends to land right in this age range as well, and over video I have to ask about it directly, because nobody volunteers that they are overdue.

Menopause is a normal stage of life that still manages to catch people off guard. Family physicians are well placed to normalize the conversation, take the symptoms seriously, and point patients toward both relief and prevention. Medication is not always part of that. Listening and practical support always are.

Does hormone therapy make weight loss drugs work better?

Will a weight loss medication stop my estrogen or progesterone from absorbing?

Why the route of estrogen matters more than the brand of weight loss drug

Do the side effects overlap?

What happens to muscle and bone?

Naltrexone-bupropion and menopause

Where metformin fits

Who should not combine them, or should wait?

For patients

For clinicians

The Bottom Line

Related Reading

Sources

What the ACP actually recommended

What the guideline did not settle

Why this is a bigger deal than it sounds

Who should still not take estrogen

Patch or pill?

Is there still a window, and what about age 60?

For patients and for clinicians

How this plays out in a video visit

Questions to bring to your visit

The Bottom Line

Related Reading

Sources

Hypothesis one: everyone started using them at once

Hypothesis two: something broke in manufacturing

Hypothesis three: RFK Jr. and the administration did this

The part that actually matters: the FDA has not declared a shortage

Two more explanations worth naming

What to do if you are caught in this

For clinicians

The Bottom Line

Related Reading

Sources

Related Reading